The decade started with 53.1 mm of sea level rise (as compared to 1993) and saw some fluctuations throughout the years, however, the trend consistently shows an increasing trend, and we're ending this decade with 94.9 mm.

It won't be surprising to see this number to breach 100-mm level in the early 2020's due to the continuous melting of the ice caps, thermal expansion, and other factors contributing to the sea level rise.

As an archipelagic country and with major cities located along the coast, the Philippines should really take note and prepare for this, especially if we go with business-as-usual activities.

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The surface hydrological variables are more difficult to observe and analyse than surface temperature. The data on soil moisture are currently of qualitative rather than quantitative value. This summary is intended to provide European and near-global views of conditions for the month. Specific information for many countries can be found on the websites of their weather or climate services.

Europe - October 2019

In October 2019, wetter than average conditions prevailed over large parts of northern and western Europe, as indicated by above average precipitation, soil moisture and relative humidity compared to the 1981-2010 average. This was particularly true over a band encompassing the southern parts of Ireland and the UK, most of France, the Benelux, Germany and most regions around the Baltic Sea. Some areas in the northeast of Spain, south of France and northern Italy experienced very heavy rainfall towards the end of the month.

Exceptions to the wetter-than-average northern and western Europe were Iceland and most of Norway, which saw drier than average conditions in general. In the south of France, soil moisture remained below average despite above average precipitation.

Drier than average conditions also prevailed in most of the Mediterranean region, eastern Europe and around the Black Sea, where soil moisture in particular was much below average.

Europe - Last 12 Months Hydrology Anomalies

For the last 12 months, ending in October 2019, most of Europe saw drier than average conditions, with above average temperature and all three hydrological indicators (precipitation, soil moisture and relative humidity) below their respective 1981-2010 average. During the same period, wetter than average conditions, marked by above average precipitation and soil moisture, prevailed only in eastern Iceland, Ireland, large parts of the UK, western and northern Scandinavia and northern Finland, and some regions along the Mediterranean Sea, including the southernmost parts of Italy, Greece and parts of Turkey. Some regions, such as the Alps, show mixed conditions.

Globe - October 2019 Hydrological Anomalies

Beyond Europe, in the Northern Hemisphere extra-tropics, October 2019 brought wetter than average conditions, with above average precipitation, soil moisture and relative humidity, to large parts of Canada, the northern USA, most of northern Siberia, parts of the middle east, Pakistan and northern India. Precipitation was above average also in the eastern USA and over Japan. Most notably, the latter was hit by typhoon Hagibis which brought large amounts of rain within a short period of time. Dry conditions prevailed over the western USA, where precipitation and even more so soil moisture were lower than average. This provided favourable conditions for the large wildfires that affected parts of California during October.

In the extra-tropical southern hemisphere, drier than average conditions prevailed overall, as has been the case for several months in a row. Most below average were south-eastern Australia, southernmost Africa, as well as large parts of Argentina and Chile and southern Brazil. However, parts of Argentina saw above average precipitation.

Globe - Last 12 Months Hydrological Anomalies

For the 12 months ending in October 2019, precipitation, soil moisture and relative humidity were below average (indicating generally dry conditions) within a belt stretching eastwards from Europe across large parts of Asia. This dry belt includes most of the regions to the north and east of the Black and Caspian Seas, as well as some parts of central Asia, Russia, Mongolia and northern China.

Southern Africa and Australia experienced much drier than average conditions, strengthening severe drought conditions. The exception is the remarkable extreme rainfall in Queensland during the past March, whose imprint is still visible in the 12-month average. Furthermore, in the southern and central parts of South America, conditions were drier than average.

On the contrary, precipitation and relative humidity were higher than average over most of the Middle East, central and eastern China. Generally wet conditions marked by above average precipitation, soil moisture and relative humidity prevailed in southern and eastern USA, Alaska, eastern Canada and central Argentina.

Longer term trends

Monthly Global humidity anomalies

Relative humidity averaged over all land areas globally has decreased over the last forty years and has remained below its 1981-2010 average since the early 2000s. The average relative humidity for October 2019 was also below average, but not by a particularly large amount.

Relative humidity averaged over Europe as a whole is more variable, but in general also shows a net decline over time. Relative humidity for October 2019 in Europe was slightly below average.

The observed drying is not associated with an appreciable reduction in precipitation, as shown below for four European regions. It may be a consequence of a period in which surface air temperature rose faster over land than it did over sea.

Continued monitoring is required to document behaviour over a longer period and refine the understanding of this aspect of climate variability or change.

The variation over time of the hydrological variables and temperature are shown below for averages over land areas for NW, NE, SW and SE Europe. Values are averaged over successive four-month periods in order to highlight variations on seasonal and longer time scales.

Regional differences are quite pronounced in the time series. Average precipitation rates are higher in the north, particularly the NW, but precipitation is more variable in the southern regions. This is partly a consequence of the smaller areas of the southern regions or the four-month averaging. Warming is largest in the NE, but the decrease in relative humidity is larger in the south.

The correlations between precipitation, relative humidity and soil moisture, evident in the maps of anomalies, can be seen to hold for the area averages on time scales up to a year or more. However, average precipitation does not show the marked longer-term decrease seen for relative humidity and soil moisture.

The four months to October 2019 saw somewhat drier than average conditions for NW and SW Europe with average precipitation, below average soil moisture and relative humidity and above average temperature.

The same four months saw drier than average conditions for NE and SE Europe with below average precipitation, soil moisture and relative humidity and above average temperature.

NW Europe Hydro Anomalies

NE Europe Hydro Anomalies

SW Europe Hydro Anomalies

SE Europe Hydro Anomalies

October temperatures in 2019 were above the 1981-2010 average for most of Europe, especially so in the east and south-east. Below-average temperatures occurred over most of the north and north-west of the continent.

Elsewhere, temperatures over the northern hemispheric land masses were markedly above average over parts of the Arctic, over the eastern USA and Canada, and over the Middle East and much of North Africa and Russia. Temperatures were likewise well above average over southern Brazil, southern Africa, western and southern Australia, and most of eastern Antarctica.

Temperatures over land were substantially below average over a region encompassing much of the western USA and Canada. They were also below average in parts of tropical Africa and Antarctica, and to a lesser degree over several other regions.

Regions of below-average temperature occurred over all major oceans, including the tropical eastern Pacific and the ice-covered Weddell Sea. Air temperatures over sea were nevertheless predominantly higher than average, especially so over several Arctic and Antarctic seas and over the north-eastern Pacific Ocean.

Global temperatures were substantially above average in October 2019. The month was:

• 0.69°C warmer than the average October from 1981-2010, making it by a narrow margin the warmest October in this data record;
• an insignificant 0.01°C warmer than October 2015, the second warmest October;
• 0.09°C warmer than October 2017, the third warmest October.

European-average temperature anomalies are generally larger and more variable than global anomalies, especially in winter, when they can change by several degrees from one month to the next. The European-average temperature for October 2019 was:

• 1.1°C warmer than the average October from 1981-2010;
• The third warmest October in the period from 1979 onwards: 2001 and 2006 were warmer.

The last 12 months - November 2018 to October 2019

Temperatures averaged over the twelve-month period from November 2018 to October 2019 were:

• much above the 1981-2010 average over most of the Arctic, peaking over and near Alaska and over the central parts of northern Siberia;
• above average over virtually all of Europe;
• above average over most other areas of land and ocean, especially so over north-eastern China, the Middle East, south-east Asia, Australia, southern Africa and some parts of the Antarctic;
• below average over some land and oceanic areas, most notably over the North American prairies.

Averaging over twelve-month periods smooths out the shorter-term variations. Globally, the twelve-month period from November 2018 to October 2019 was 0.56°C warmer than the 1981-2010 average. The warmest twelve-month period was from October 2015 to September 2016, with a temperature 0.66°C above average. 2016 is the warmest calendar year on record, with a global temperature 0.63°C above that for 1981-2010. The second warmest calendar year, 2017, had a temperature 0.54°C above average, while the third warmest year, 2018, was 0.46°C above the 1981-2010 average.

0.63°C should be added to these values to relate recent global temperatures to the pre-industrial level defined in the IPCC Special Report on “Global Warming of 1.5°C”. Monthly temperatures over the past twelve months have averaged close to 1.2°C above this pre-industrial level. The October temperature is 1.2°C above the level.

The spread in the global averages from various temperature datasets has been relatively large over the past three years. During this period the twelve-month average values presented here are higher than those from several independent datasets, by between 0.05°C and 0.15°C for the twelve months for which spread is largest. This is due partly to differences in the extent to which datasets represent the relatively warm conditions that have predominated over the Arctic and the seas around Antarctica. Differences in estimates both of sea-surface temperature elsewhere and of temperatures over land outside the Arctic have been further factors. There is nevertheless general agreement between datasets regarding:

• The exceptional warmth of 2016, and the warmth also of 2015, 2017, 2018 and 2019;
• The overall average rate of warming of around 0.18°C per decade since the late 1970s;
• The sustained period of above-average temperatures from 2001 onwards.

There is more variability in average European temperatures, but values are less uncertain because observational coverage of the continent is relatively dense. Twelve-month averages for Europe were at a high level from 2014 to 2016. They then fell, but remained 0.5°C or more above the 1981-2010 average. Twelve-month averages have risen since then, but have again fallen in recent months. The latest average, for the period from November 2018 to October 2019, is 1.1°C above the 1981-2010 norm. The warmest such period, from April 2018 to March 2019, was 1.5°C above average.

The average surface air temperature analysis homepage explains more about the production and reliability of the values presented here.

https://www.windy.com/-Temperature-temp?temp,35.030,-42.539,3,i:pressure,internal