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To follow the correct rituals, to approach your fellow human beings politely, to give everyone his or her due, those cardinal virtues do not depend on rank or aristocratic descent: “Although a man may be the descendant of kings, dukes, or high court ministers, if he cannot adhere to ritual principles, he should be ranked among the commoners. Although a man may be the descendant of commoners, if he has acquired learning, is upright in conduct, and can adhere to ritual principles, he should be promoted to the post of prime minister or high court official.” Even more emphatically than Confucius and Mencius, Xunzi employs meritocratic arguments to downgrade the traditional claims of noble birth. That is not to say, however, that he advocates a leveling egalitarianism. Quite the contrary; he justifies hierarchies and inequalities as functional and unavoidable in any well-ordered society, and he fully endorses the basic Confucian relationships.